![]() Ultimately, the northern Christian kingdoms overpowered the Muslim states to the south. ![]() For the next century and a half, al-Andalus became a province of the Muslim empires of the Almoravids and their successors, the Almohads, both based in Marrakesh. The Almoravid empire intervened and repelled the Christian attacks on the region, then brought al-Andalus under direct Almoravid rule. Attacks from the Christians intensified, led by the Castilians under Alfonso VI, culminating with the capture of Toledo in 1085. After the fall of the Umayyad caliphate, al-Andalus was fragmented into minor taifa states and principalities. įor much of its history, al-Andalus existed in conflict with Christian kingdoms to the north. Al-Andalus became a conduit for cultural and scientific exchange between the Islamic and Christian worlds. Achievements that advanced Islamic and Western science came from al-Andalus, including major advances in trigonometry ( Jabir ibn Aflah), astronomy ( Al-Zarqali), surgery ( Al-Zahrawi), pharmacology ( Ibn Zuhr), and agronomy ( Ibn Bassal and Abū l-Khayr al-Ishbīlī). Under the Caliphate of Córdoba, the city of Córdoba became one of the leading cultural and economic centres throughout the Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and the Islamic world. ![]() These boundaries changed constantly through a series of conquests Western historiography has traditionally characterized as the Reconquista, eventually shrinking to the south and finally to the Emirate of Granada.Īs a political domain, it successively constituted a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, initiated by the Caliph al-Walid I (711–750) the Emirate of Córdoba ( c. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most of the peninsula and part of present-day southern France ( Septimania) under Umayyad rule. The name describes the different Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 7. The term is used by modern historians for the former Islamic states in modern Spain, Portugal and France. Al-Andalus ( Arabic: الأَنْدَلُس) was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.
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